Root: ء م م
Words from this Root in the Grand Qur'aan:
a) Total occurrences: 108 + 11 = 119
b) No of constructions: 36 All Nouns
Ibn Faris [died
1005] stated:
(مقاييس اللغة)
وأمّا الهمزة والميم فأصلٌ واحدٌ،
يتفرّع منه أربع أبواب، وهي الأصل، والمرجِع،
والجماعة، والدِّين، وهذه الأربعة متقاربة
That four convergent-interrelated fields
stem from this root and they are descent-genealogy-
source, origin, foundation, or basis of a
thing, essence, mother; and place of
return-refuge, and group of people consisting of masses and leader; and code of conduct.
Words made from this Root denote:
1. Mother, biological, and honorific
and
in abstract meanings essence-purpose-origin.
2. Massesordinary
common people or average citizens
distinct
from people:
who
are leaders, in a community-society:
that follows a leader, a code of conduct, and a
book:
.
3. Gentiles:
plural of singular
:
Relative
[Nisba] Adjective/Noun of association, epithet for people who
were not given the Divine Book since many generation before revelation
of Grand Qur'aan distinct from the people of society of Arabian
peninsula who were given the Divine Book.
4. Frequented passage-corridor
Relative adjective
Adjectives can also be made by adding iy(un)
ـِيٌ
(masculine) iyat(un) ـِيَةٌ
after a noun. This is called the relative adjective Ismu-a-nasbiyati
اِسْمُ الْنِسْبَةِ.
It needs to be noted that this Root does not
even remotely contain feature of illiteracy.
Since majority of translators - exegetes have
erroneously translated:
as unlettered and illiterate,
it seems appropriate to explain it
by reference to its use in Grand Qur'aan. This is the first word
stemming from this Root which is used in the Grand Qur'aan:
-
Be informed that
masses - ordinary common people
of them: Bani Iesraa'eel
retain the peculiar trait
of persistently not
knowing-ascertaining and acquiring knowledge of the contents of the
Divine
Book.
-
They are, however, aware with regard to the
Revealed Book only such wishful fascinating hearsay-conjectural myths
made popular and widespread in society.
-
As such, they the common people, keep doing-knowing nothing except
conjecturing-supposing-assuming
the
widespread-popular material as being from the Revealed Book. [2:78]
George Sale and Johm Medows Rodwell were
the pioneer translators of Qur'aan in English whose malafide intentions
and dishonest scholarship is loudly evident in prefaces of their work.
They erroneously translated as:
George Sale:
But there are
illiterate men among them, who know
not the book of the law, but only lying stories, although they think
otherwise.
Johm Rodwell:
But there are
illiterates among them who are unacquainted with the Book, but with lies
only, and have but vague fancies.
In English, illiterate is an adjective and offensive term
for somebody who lacks education, especially somebody who cannot read
and write.
Majority of later translators followed them using the
same offensive term. However, some like Muhammad Asad, M.M. Pickthall
used the word "unlettered" which also denotes not-well-educated.
Arthur John Arberry is an exception who
correctly translated the word as:
And some there
are of them that are common folk
not knowing
the Book, but only fancies and mere conjectures.
In classical
exegeses تفسير الجلالين
translated it as: عوام ordinary
common people or average citizens: ومنهم) أي اليهود (أميون)
عوام (لا يعلمون الكتاب) التوراة
A little focused attention to the structure of the
sentence will show its meanings self evident:
This is an inverted nominal
sentence. The normal style is that Subject
[مبتدأ]
comes first and is definite in nominative case. The principle of
predicate [خبر]
is that it is indefinite. The indefinite noun is permissible to occur as
Subject when it is modified by an adjective or likewise, when it is
particularized from another perspective. The predicate [خبر],
which can be a single word, or a complete sentence, is next in sequence.
When it is an entire
sentence, that sentence will have its own structure and all the rules
will apply to it as well.
The predicate may also be elided when the subject
is followed by a prepositional or adverbial phrase reflective of and
necessitating the elision of predicate.
Why this sentence is in the
inverted order? The normal structuring of a nominal sentence
may be
inverted to achieve rhetorical benefit.
There are a few situations in which inverting the structure is
prohibited,
and there are others in which
inverting the structure actually becomes mandatory.
One such mandatory situation is when the subject/topic to be talked
about is purely indefinite and the predicate is a prepositional or
adverbial phrase.
If it was not inverted, the subject at its original place
in the beginning were to be rendered definite which would have rendered
the sentence confusing and contrary to ground reality because:
is also a specific term referring to gentiles, a group of society of
Mecca distinct from the People of the Book, i.e., Jews.
This sentence is describing the
constituent groups of the populace of Bani Iesraa'eel.
This Unitary Verbal Passage/Ayah begins with
[wāw],
the Recommencing particle. It is a discourse coordinator, that signals the speaker's
identification of an upcoming unit which is coordinate in structure to
prior unit. Here the discourse is the conduct of
a group/Elite-upper
segment-scholars-literary club-clergy of Jews.
It is a prepositional phrase,
relating to the elided fronted predicate of
inverted nominal sentence. The Preposition
signifies the relation which subsists between the part and whole, a
subset of the Set, one group different from the other group of
constituent body. The masculine plural pronoun refers back to the
community under discussion, i.e.
:
the Jews.
This is sound-plural indefinite masculine nominative noun which is the
delayed subject/topic of the sentence. They are a constituent
group of the Community
about whom the ascription in the predicate clause
is elided. The Arabic language and the
Grand Qur'aan, in particular, demonstrates respect and regard for the
listener and reader. They are presumed as rational and intelligent
people who retain in their memory the earlier stated information while
listening to the whole speech, or reading the text.
The listener, reader, we are earlier told, in
2:75, this information about one
group of them, "indeed there has been a group of them who used to
listen to the Word/Parlance/Message of Allah; and thereafter they deliberately alter
it, out of context in different angle/perspective. They do this afterwards
when
they had analyzed/ comparatively studied/deliberated upon it and in a state of
being aware/understood it."
The rational
and intelligent readers are supposed to know that such an act can, and is
done only by those who are recognized in the society as scholars,
professional writers, religious leaders, elite class, or clergy. It is a
group in a community/society/nation which is minority -a small
number-a small percentage of the whole populace.
The aforementioned act
of alteration cannot,
and is not done by the ordinary literate masses who constitute the major
part of the society. Would a rational and
intelligent reader construe this indefinite subject:
as
"illiterate, unlettered, uneducated" group, in contrast to the group who
listens the Word/Parlance/Message of Allah the Exalted, and after having
understood it by critical analysis, alters its context for narration to
general public? Does commonsense permits a
rational person to presume that the large majority of people of a
society barring a small number of scholars and clergy are illiterate,
unlettered, uneducated?
An indefinite noun is used
in contrast to another small number
group. It denotes nothing except masses, a majority group of
community i.e. Jews-
the majority of whom is and has all along been educated.
Tomorrow, they can attain hundred percent literacy rate.
It is understood that words have
semantic features and attributes. We do not relate an illiterate person
with reference to book A or book B. An illiterate is just illiterate
needing no further information.
But here in the Ayah ordinary common
people are adjectively portrayed:
The
indefinite Subject noun of preceding inverted nominal
sentence
is portrayed by this adjectival clause which particularizes the
perspective of so calling/naming them. Further, it makes evident the
elided predicate of preceding nominal sentence that they retain their
such habit/psyche-peculiar feature.
This verbal sentence leaves no
room for any rational person, if he is not
slave to conjectural gossips, to let
thought come to his mind that this is being talked about those persons
who cannot read or write. It is not said that they
do not know a book
which could give leverage to someone to construe or guess that they are
illiterate people. Their feature is: "They do not know The
Book". If I say to you, "The majority of
Israelites do not know the contents of At-Toraat", would you presume
that I am suggesting or alleging that, "the majority of Israelites
are illiterate, unlettered, uneducated, not knowing reading and writing
books". If not, and surely you will not
presume like this to expose yourself as thoughtless unintelligent, then
why should we accept translation of word:
as "unlettered folk, illiterates, lacking knowledge of reading or
writing a book"?
There is
restrictive-confining clause
relating to the verbal sentence:
They are, however, aware with regard to the
Revealed Book only such wishful- fascinating hearsay-conjectural myths
made popular and widespread in society.
Restriction/Confining Particle.
Noun: Indefinite; broken plural;
feminine; accusative. This is exclusion
from the fact of their not knowing the Book,
signifying that they do know this in relation to the Book.
Its Root is "م ن ى".
The basic perception is to inspire a fascinating desire and hope. Its
actualization and positive affect upon the targeted is possible only
through an object, a cause which will relay the thought generating hope
and desire. A physical object named by this Root, i.e.
quite picturesquely explains the concept and perception of it.
It denotes
the semen, which creates desire and hope of offspring only on pouring/ ejaculating
and lodging into the "receptacle" of one's wife.
:
It
is something in relation to the Divine Book which is known to
general
body of people who otherwise do not have the knowledge of the Revealed
Book. Knowledge is acquired only when things-statements are placed
before someone, or is made to listen to those statements, or these are
widespread talk of the town like. The peculiar feature of:
is that they have a pleasurable, fascinating hopeful element inherent in
it. This renders them the capability of getting firmly embedded in the
memory/knowledge of general public. This is particularly because the
perceivers, narrators and writers of these wishful, fascinating, hope
creating conjectural myths attribute it to the Revealed Book of Allah
the Exalted.
The lack of knowledge of the
Revealed Book and their knowledge about it restricted to widespread
conjectural fascinating hopeful and alluring statements perceived as the
words of Allah the Exalted renders the general body of people in this
state.
| 1 |
Active Participle: Indefinite; plural; Masculine;
accusative. (1)5:02=1
اسم فاعل:منصوب-جمع
مذكر |
|
| 2 |
Noun:
Indefinite; broken plural; masculine; accusative. (1)9:12=1
اسم:
منصوب-جمع
مكسرمذكر |
|
| 3 |
Noun:
Indefinite;
broken plural; masculine; accusative. (1)21:73(2)28:05(3)28:41 (4)32:24=4
اسم:
منصوب-جمع
مكسر
مذكر |
|
| 4 |
Noun: Indefinite; singular;
feminine; nominative.
(1)3:07(2)13:39=2
اسم:مرفوع-واحد-مؤنث |
|
| 5 |
 Noun:
Indefinite; singular; feminine;
accusative.
(1)6:92(2) 42:07=3
اسم:منصوب-واحد-مؤنث
Possessive Phrase: Noun:
definite; singular; feminine;
accusative +
Possessive pronoun elided: First person; masculine; genitive state.
(1)7:150=1
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:مجرور-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير
ى محذوف واحد متكلم في محل جر-مضاف إليه
Vocative Particle + Possessive Phrase + Possessive Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular; masculine; accusative + Possessive pronoun: Noun; singular;
feminine in genitive state + elided Possessive Pronoun: First person;
singular; in genitive state
(1)20:94=1
أداة نداء +
الإِضَافَةُ =
اسم:
منصوب-واحد
مذكر/مضاف +
اسم:
مجرور-واحد
مؤنث/مضاف إليه
والياء المحذوفة ضمير في محل جر بالاضافة |
|
| 6 |
 Noun:
Indefinite; singular; feminine;
genitive.
(1)28:07(2)28:10(3)43:04=3
اسم:مجرور-واحد-مؤنث |
|
| 7 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Time Adverb/Noun:
Definite;
singular;
masculine; accusative
+ Possessive pronoun:
Third
person; masculine; singular;
in genitive state.
(1)75:05=1
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:ظرف
زمان منصوب-واحد
مذكر/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-واحد
مذكرغائب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 8 |
Noun: Indefinite; singular;
feminine; accusative.
(1)2:128(2)2:143(3)2:213(4)5:48(5) 10:19(6)11:118(7)16:93(8)16:120(9)21:92(10)23:44(11)23:52(12)28:23(13)42:08(14)43:33=14
اسم:منصوب-واحد-مؤنث |
|
| 9 |
Noun: Indefinite; singular; feminine;
nominative.
(1)2:134(2)2:141(3)3:104(4)3:113(5) 5:66(6)7:38(7)7:159(8)7:164(9)7:181=9 اسم:مرفوع-واحد-مؤنث |
|
| 10 |
Noun: Indefinite; singular;
feminine; nominative.
(1)16:92=1
اسم:مرفوع-واحد-مؤنث |
|
| 11 |
Noun: Indefinite; singular;
feminine; genitive.
(1)3:110(2)6:108(3)7:34(4)10:47(5) 10:49(6)11:08(7)12:45(8)13:30(9)15:05(10)16:36(11)16:84(12)16:89(13)16:92(14)22:34(15)22:67(16) 23:43(17)27:83(18)28:75(19)35:24(20)43:22(21)43:23(22)45:28(23)45:28=23
اسم:مجرور-واحد-مؤنث |
|
| 12 |
 Noun:
Indefinite; singular;
feminine; genitive.
(1)4:41(2)40:05=2
اسم:مجرور-واحد-مؤنث |
|
| 13 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular;
feminine; nominative
+ Possessive pronoun: Second person; plural; masculine; in genitive
state. (1)21:92(2) 23:52=2
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:مرفوع-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-جمع
مذكر حاضر/مخاطب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 14 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular;
feminine; nominative
+ Possessive pronoun: Second person; singular; feminine; in genitive
state. (1)19:28=1
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:مرفوع-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ كِ :ضمير متصل-واحد-مؤنث حاضر/مخاطب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 15 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular;
feminine; genitive
+ Possessive pronoun: Second person; singular; masculine; in genitive
state. (1)20:38(2)20:40=2
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:مجرور-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ كَ: ضمير متصل-واحد-مذكر حاضر/مخاطب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 16 |
Noun: Indefinite; broken plural;
feminine; nominative.
(1)6:38=1
اسم:مرفوع-جمع
مكسر-مؤنث |
|
| 17 |
Noun: Indefinite; broken plural;
feminine; nominative.
(1)11:48(2)13:30(3)29:18=3
اسم:مرفوع-جمع
مكسر-مؤنث |
|
| 18 |
Noun: Indefinite; broken plural;
feminine; genitive.
(1)6:42(2)7:38(3)11:48(4)16:63 (5)41:25(6)46:18=6
اسم:
مجرور-جمع
مكسر-مؤنث |
|
| 19 |
Noun: Indefinite; broken plural;
feminine; accusative.
(1)7:160(2)7:168=2
اسم: منصوب-جمع
مكسر-مؤنث |
|
| 20 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular;
feminine; accusative
+ Possessive pronoun: Third person;
singular; masculine; in genitive
state. (1)5:17(2) 5:75=2
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:منصوب-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-واحد
مذكرغائب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 21 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular;
feminine; accusative
+ Possessive pronoun: Third person;
singular; masculine; in genitive
state. (1)23:50=1
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:منصوب-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-واحد
مذكرغائب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 22 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular;
feminine;
genitive
+ Possessive pronoun: Third person;
singular; masculine; in genitive
state. (1)28:13(2)80:35=2
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:
مجرور-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-واحد
مذكرغائب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 23 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular;
feminine; nominative
+ Possessive pronoun: Third person;
singular; masculine; in genitive
state. (1)31:14(2)46:15=2
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:
مرفوع-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-واحد
مذكرغائب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 24 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular;
feminine;
genitive
+ Possessive pronoun: Third person;
singular; feminine; in genitive
state. (1)28:59=1
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:
مجرور-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-واحد
مؤنث
غائب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 25 |
 Noun:
Indefinite;
feminine; plural; nominative. (1)4:23=1
اسم:
مرفوع-جمع-مؤنث |
|
| 26 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
feminine; plural; nominative + Possessive
pronoun: Second person; plural; masculine; in genitive state. (1)4:23=1
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:
مرفوع-جمع-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-جمع
مذكر حاضر/مخاطب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه
|
|
| 27 |
Possessive Phrase: Noun:
Definite; feminine;
plural; nominative + Possessive pronoun: Second person; plural;
masculine; in genitive state, with added vowel for reason of cluster of
two vowel-less consonants. (1)4:23=1
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:
مرفوع-جمع-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-جمع
مذكر حاضر/مخاطب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 28 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun: Definite; plural;
feminine; genitive + Possessive Pronoun:
Second person; plural; masculine; in genitive state. (1)16:78(2) 24:61(3)33:04(4)39:06(5)53:32=5
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:
مجرور-جمع-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-جمع
مذكر حاضر/مخاطب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 29 |
 Possessive Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
feminine; plural; nominative + Possessive
pronoun:
Third person; masculine; plural; in genitive state.
(1)33:06(2) 58:02=2
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:
مرفوع-جمع-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-جمع
مذكر غائب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 30 |
 Possessive Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
feminine; plural; genitive + Possessive
pronoun:
Third person; masculine; plural; in genitive state.
(1)58:02=1
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:
مجرور-جمع-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-جمع
مذكر غائب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 31 |
 Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular;
feminine;
genitive
+ Possessive pronoun: First person;
singular; masculine; in genitive
state. (1)5:116=1
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:
مجرور-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-واحد
متكلم
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 32 |
Noun/Adjective:
Indefinite; Sound plural; masculine; nominative.
(1)2:78=1
اسم:
مرفوع-جمع-مذكر |
|
| 33 |
Noun:
Indefinite; singular; masculine; genitive.
(1)36:12=1
اسم:
مجرور-واحد-مذكر |
|
| 34 |
 Noun:
Indefinite; singular; masculine; accusative.
(1)2:124(2)11:17(3)25:74(4) 46:12=4
اسم:
منصوب-واحد-مذكر |
|
| 35 |
 Noun:
Definite; broken plural;
feminine; genitive.
(1)35:42=1
اسم:معرفہ باللام-مجرور- جمع مكسر-مؤنث |
|
| 36 |
Relative
[Nisba] Adjective/Noun:
Definite; singular; masculine; accusative.
(1)7:157=1
الإسم المنسوب:معرفہ باللام-منصوب- واحد-مذكر |
|
| 37 |
 Relative
[Nisba] Adjective/Noun:
Definite; singular; masculine; genitive.
(1) 7:158=1
الإسم المنسوب:معرفہ باللام-مجرور- واحد-مذكر |
|
| 38 |
Relative
[Nisba] Adjective/Noun:
Definite; Sound plural; masculine; accusative/genitive.
(1)3:20(2)3:75(3)62:02=3
الإسم المنسوب:معرفہ باللام-منصوب/مجرور-
جمع
سالم -مذكر |
|
| 39 |
Prepositional Phrase + Possessive Phrase:
بـِ Inseparable Preposition
+ Noun: Definite; Singular; masculine; genitive + Possessive Pronoun:
Third person; masculine; plural; in genitive state.
(1)17:71=1
جار و مجرور +
الإِضَافَةُ
بـِ حرف جر +
اسم:
مجرور-واحد-مذكر/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-جمع
مذكر
غائب في محل جر-مضاف
إليه |
|
| 40 |
 Prefixed conjunction
فَ
which shows cause/reason and effect +
Possessive
Phrase: Noun:
Definite;
singular;
feminine; nominative
+ Possessive pronoun: Third person;
singular; masculine; in genitive
state. (1)101:09=1
حرف فَ
+ الإِضَافَةُ-اسم:
مرفوع-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-واحد
مذكرغائب
في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
| 35 |
 Prefixed conjunction
فَ
which shows cause/reason
giving rise to the consequence/eventuality-Apodosis clause + Prepositional
Phrase + Possessive Phrase: Genitive particle + Noun:
Definite; singular;
feminine; genitive + Personal
pronoun: third person; masculine; singular; in genitive state.
(1)4:11(2)4:11=2
حرف فَ
+
جار و مجرور +
الإِضَافَةُ
لِ حرف جر +
اسم:
مجرور-واحد-مؤنث/مضاف
+ ضمير متصل-واحد مذكر
غائب في محل جر-مضاف
إليه |
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| 36 |
 لَ
Prefixed Distanced
Particle of Emphasis +
Prepositional Phrase: بـِ
Inseparable preposition + Noun:
Indefinite; singular;
masculine;
genitive.
(1)15:79=1
لام التوكيد-المزحلقة
+
جار و مجرور=
بـِ حرف جر +
اسم:مجرور-واحد
مؤنث:
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ء م ن
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