Root: ح ك م

Words from this Root in the Grand Qur’ān:

a) Total occurrences: 210 

b) No of constructions: 53

Nouns: 30; Recurrence: 160;  Verb: 23;  Recurrence: 50 [Form-I: 45;  Form-II: 2; Form-IV: 3; Form-VI: 1]

Arabic words stem from Roots. Each Root has specific, defined, distinct, conspicuous, apparent perception folded in it. Basic meanings infolded in the Root remain dominant in the words which are overloaded by morphology of the word and relational aspect with co-occurring words. Words originating from Roots on various well defined patterns-moulds-structuring frames gain additional meanings and connotation, shades and colours from the peculiar pattern-placing of vowels-syllabification and addition of consonants. Moreover, relational aspect of the semantic field will also influence and add meanings to the word. Hence; the meanings, perception and connotation of an Arabic Word is the composite whole of the perception infolded in its Root coupled with meanings associated with its pattern, and its relation to the semantic field where it is used. It is thus evident that the basic meanings of a Root and word do not exhaust when they are used in a different semantic field, relational area, while necessarily retaining the base meanings.

This feature of the language renders it the characteristic:  Arabic the language of Arabian peninsula having characteristic feature of explicitly explicative; a language which is conveyor of information in succinct, individuated, distinct and crystallized manner. This leaves no chance for an active reader to err in perceiving and understanding the meanings of a word and the text.

Linguists tell us about languages that a word has many types of meanings like propositional or conceptual; expressive or associative meanings, connotative, affective, Collocational etc.

Ibn Faris [died-1005] mentioned the basic meanings of the Root as under:

حكم (مقاييس اللغة

الحاء والكاف والميم أصلٌ واحد، وهو المنْع.
وأوّل ذلك الحُكْم، وهو المَنْع من الظُّلْم.
وسمِّيَتْ حَكَمة الدابّة لأنها تمنعُها يقال حَكَمْت الدابةَ وأحْكَمتها.

ويقال حكَمت السَّفيهَ وأحكمتُه، إذا أخذتَ على يديه. قال جرير:
*أبَنِي حَنيفة أحْكِمُوا سُفهاءَكم

والحِكمة هذا قياسُها، لأنها تمنع من الجهل

That the primary signification is of barring, restraining doing an evil, wrongful act. It is thus a command, order, decree, ordinance, statute, edict restraining to commit injustice, evil and illegality. It is used to reign, inhibit an animal by rein. He then quotes a poet who used it to rein the tongues of the fools, idiots. And wisdom is its analogy, syllogism because it bars emotionalism, darkness, ignorance, blindness.

Lane Lexicon: He prevented, restrained, or withheld, him from acting in an evil, or a corrupt, manner; as also ↓ احكمهُ : and  from doing that which he desired;

حُكْمٌ حكم [inf. n.] originally signifies Prevention, or restraint.  And hence, Judgment, or judicial decision:  or judgment respecting a thing, that it is such a thing, or is not such a thing, whether it be necessarily connected with another thing, or not:

inf. n. حُكْمٌ and حِكْمَةٌ, He was, or became, such as is termed حَكِيمٌ [i. e. wise,  حَكُمَ inf. n. حُكْمٌ,] is said of a man, signifying He reached the utmost point, or degree, in its meaning (فِى مَعْنَاهُ [i. e., app., in what is the radical meaning of the verb, namely, in judging; like قَضُوَ]); in praising, not in dispraising .

حَكِيمٌ حكيم Possessing knowledge or science; [in its most usual sense,] possessing حِكْمَة [as meaning wisdom].

inf. n. إِِحْكَامٌ, He made it, or rendered it, (namely, a thing) firm, stable, strong, solid, compact, sound, or free from defect or imperfection, by the exercise of skill; he made it firmly, strongly, solidly, compactly, so that it was firmly and closely joined or knit together, soundly, thoroughly, skillfully, judiciously, or well; he so constructed, constituted, established, settled, arranged, did, performed, or executed, it; he put it into a firm, solid, sound, or good, state, or on a firm, solid, sound, or good, footing: and he knew it, or learned it, soundly, thoroughly, or well;}

In Grand Qur’ān this Root finds mention for the first time in the verbatim quote of the Angels they had addressed to Allah the Exalted:

: Recurrence: (1)2:32(2)12:83(3)12:100(4)66:02=4 Grammatically, it is adjectival phrase; and both the definite nouns can also be considered independently as two predicates of the subject of the sentence. : Adjective resembling participle [الصفة المشبهة]. It is usually translated in English "the wise; perfect in wisdom"; and in Urdu as "حکمت والا ".

In human history, "wisdom" has been listed as one of the four cardinal virtues. It is defined in Wikipedia as the ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense, and insight. As a virtue it is a habit or disposition to perform the action with the highest degree of adequacy under any given circumstance. This implies a possession of knowledge or the seeking thereof in order to apply it to the given circumstance. This involves an understanding of people, things, events, situations, and the willingness as well as the ability to apply perception, judgment, and action in keeping with the understanding of what is the optimal course of action. It often requires control of one's emotional reactions (the "passions") so that the universal principle of reason prevails to determine one's action. In short, wisdom is a disposition to find the truth coupled with an optimum judgment as to what actions should be taken in order to deliver the correct outcome.

The above definition of wisdom evidently suggests that it is in relation to the knowledge that has since become apparent or known to a person. Therefore, the word "wisdom" falls short, inadequate and lacks equivalence with Arabic adjective resembling participle: used as descriptive epithet for Allah the Exalted.

Adjective resembling participle [الصفة المشبهة], termed as Verbal Adjective, is a derived noun referring to the permanent quality of an entity. The adjective resembling participle is always intransitive even though it may be constructed from a transitive verb.

Wisdom is that acquisition of knowledge when the invisible of the matter and its relationships become perceivable through vision and intellect.

Umpiring,

Linguists loosely define a "word" as the smallest unit of language that can be used by itself .

Recurrence: (1)2:32(2)12:83(3)12:100(4)66:02=4

Recurrence:(1)43:84(2)51:30=2

Recurrence: (1)2:129(2)3:06(3)3:18(4)3:62(5)5:118(6)14:04(7)16:60(8)27:09(9)29:26(10)29:42(11)30:27(12)31:09(13)34:27(14) 35:02(15)40:08(16)42:03(17)45:37(18)57:01(19)59:01(20)59:24(21)60:05(22)61:01(23)62:03(24)64:18=24

Recurrence: (1)3:126)2)39:01(3)45:02(4)46:02(5)62:01=5

Recurrence:(1)6:18(2)6:73(3)34:01=3

Recurrence:(1)3:58=1: It signifies that this Memoir's narrative covers all that has happened in the Sight of the Author of the Book. It covers all which is visible and invisible to the sight and memory, i.e. whether it is past, present or future in the consideration of the reader.

This is an adjectival phrase. When a book is portrayed by definite verbal noun: using it sort of epithet, it denotes "memoir": an account of information and historical events especially one written from personal knowledge. It is adjectively portrayed by: Adjective resembling participle, or termed as Verbal Adjective; it is a noun derived from an intransitive verb in order to signify the one who establishes an action or state with the meaning of permanence. Semantic information embedded in this word is difficult for me to draw by using a single word in target language. It signifies that this Memoir covers the utmost point; it is umpiring; it is narrative that exposes the invisible realities; and lot more.

Recurrence:(1)10:01(2)31:02=2

Recurrence:(1)36:02=1

Recurrence:(1)2:209(2)2:228(3)8:10(4)9:40=4

Recurrence:(1)2:220(2)2:240(3)2:260(4)5:38(5)8:49(6)8:63(7)8:67(8)9:71(9)31:07=9

Recurrence:(1)4:56(2)4:158(3)4:165(4)48:07(5)48:19=5

Recurrence:(1)4:11(2)4:17(3)4:24(4)4:92(5)4:104(6)4:111(7)4:170(8)33:01(9)48:04(10)76:30=10

Recurrence: (1)4:26(2)9:28(3)9:60(4)9:97(5)9:106(6)12:106(7)22:52(9)(8)24:58(9)24:59(10)49:08(11)60:10=11

Recurrence: (1)8:71(2)9:15(3)9:110(4)24:18=4

Recurrence:(1)6:83(2)6:128(3)6:139(4)15:25=4

Recurrence:(1)27:06=1

Recurrence:(1)4:130=1

Recurrence:(1)11:01=1

Recurrence:(1)24:10=1

Recurrence:(1)41:42=1

Recurrence:(1)42:51=1

Recurrence:(1)43:04=1

Recurrence:(1)44:04=1

Nouns

1

Elative Noun (superlative): Definite; singular; masculine; nominative; (1) 11:45=1                                          اسم التفضيل:-مرفوع-واحد مذكر

2

Interrogative particle +  Particle  فَ  which shows cause/reason-sequence and effect/consequence + Verbal Noun: definite; accusative. (1)5:50=1                                            الهمزة- للاستفهام + حرف فَ + مصدر: منصوب

3

Active Participle: Definite; Sound plural; Masculine; Genitive;  ( مصدر-حُكْمٌ Verbal Noun) (1)7:87(2)10:109(3)11:45(4)12:80(5)95:08=5                            اسم فاعل:معرفہ باللام- مجرور-جمع سالم مذكر

4

Active Participle: Definite; broken plural; masculine; Genitive. (1)2:188=1      اسم فاعل:معرفہ باللام- مجرور-جمع  مذكر

5

Verbal Noun: Definite; accusative. (1)3:79(2)6:89(3)19:12(4)45:16=4                                 مصدر:معرفہ باللام:منصوب

6

Verbal Noun: Definite; nominative. (1)6:57(2)6:62(3)12:40(4)12:67(5)28:70(6) 28:88=6                        مصدر:معرفہ باللام:مرفوع

7

Noun: Definite; singular; feminine; Accusative. (1)2:129(2)2:151(3)2:251(4) 2:269(5)2:269(6)3:48(7)3:164(8)4:54(9)4:113(10)5:110(11)31:12(12)38:20(13)62:02=13                                                اسم : معرفہ باللام- منصوب-واحد مؤنث

8

Noun: Definite; singular; feminine; Genitive. (1)2:231(2)17:39(3)33:34=3                                                              اسم : معرفہ باللام-مجرور-واحد مؤنث

9

Adjective Resembling participle: Definite; singular; masculine; nominative. [on فَعِيلٌ pattern] (1)2:32(2)2:129(3)3:06(4)3:18(5)3:62(6)5:118(7)6:18(8)6:73(9) 12:83(10)12:100(11)14:04(12)16:60(13)27:09(14)29:26(15)29:42(16)30:27 (17)31:09(18)34:01(19) 34:27(20)35:02(21)40:08(22)42:03(23)43:84(24)45:37(25)51:30(26)57:01(27)59:01(28)59:24(29) 60:05(30)61:01 (31)62:03(32)64:18(33)66:02=33                                 الصفة المشبهة:-معرفہ باللام-مرفوع-واحد مذكر

10

Adjective Resembling participle: Definite; singular; masculine; genitive. [on فَعِيلٌ pattern] (1)3:58(2)3:126(3)10:01(4)31:02(5)36:02(6)39:01(7)45:02(8)46:02(9)62:01=9                                                    الصفة المشبهة:-معرفہ باللام-مجرور-واحد مذكر

11

Prepositional Phrase:  بـِ Inseparable preposition  + Elative Noun: Indefinite; singular; masculine; genitive. (1)95:08=1                              جار و مجرور= بـِ حرف جر + اسم التفضيل:مجرور-واحد مذكر

12

Prepositional phrase:  بـِ Inseparable preposition   + Noun: Definite; feminine; singular; genitive. (1)16:125(2)43:63=2 جار و مجرور = بِ حرف جر + اسم مجرور-واحد-مؤنث

13

Prepositional phrase + Possessive Phrase: بـِ Inseparable preposition + Verbal Noun: indefinite; genitive + Possessive pronoun: Third person; masculine; singular, in genitive state. (1)27:78=1   جار و مجرور + الإِضَافَةُ = بِ حرف جر + مصدر:مجرور/مضاف  + ضمير متصل-جمع مذكرغائب في محل جر-مضاف إليه

14

Verbal Noun: indefinite; Nominative (1)5:43(2)60:10=2                      مصدر:مرفوع

15

Verbal Noun: indefinite; Accusative (1)5:50(2)12:22(3)13:37(4)21:74(5)21:79(6) 26:21(7)26:83(8)28:14=8  -1=7     مصدر:منصوب (3)13:37=1

16

Adjective resembling participle: Indefinite; Singular; Masculine; accusative. (1)4:35(2)4:35(3)6:114=3                                                 الصفة المشبهة:-منصوب-واحد مذكر

17

Noun: Definite; feminine; singular; genitive (1)3:81=1        اسم: مجرور-واحد-مؤنث

18

Noun: Indefinite; feminine; singular; Nominative (1)54:05=1 اسم: مرفوع-واحد-مؤنث

19

Possessive phrase: Verbal noun: genitive + Possessive Pronoun: Third person; masculine; singular, in genitive state (1)18:26=1    الإِضَافَةُ-مصدر: مجرور/مضاف +  ضمير متصل-واحد مذكرغائب  في محل جر-مضاف إليه

20

Adjective Resembling participle: Indefinite; singular; masculine; nominative. [on فَعِيلٌ pattern] (1)2:209(2)2:228(3)6:83(4)6:128(5)6:139(6)8:10(7)8:71(8)9:15(9) 9:40(10)9:110(11)15:25(12)24:10(13)24:18(14)43:04=14                        الصفة المشبهة:مرفوع-واحد مذكر

21

Adjective Resembling participle: Indefinite; singular; masculine; nominative. [on فَعِيلٌ pattern] (1)2:220(2)2:240(3)2:260(4)4:26(5)5:38(6)8:49(7)8:63(8)8:67(9) 9:28(10)9:60(11)9:71(12)9:97(13)9:106(14)12:06(15)22:52(16)24:58(17)24:59(18)31:27(19)42:51(20) 49:08(21)60:10=21                                                                                         الصفة المشبهة:مرفوع-واحد مذكر

22

Adjective Resembling participle: Indefinite; singular; masculine; genitive. [ فَعِيلٌ pattern] (1)11:01(2)27:06(3)41:42(4)44:04=4                                         الصفة المشبهة:مجرور-واحد مذكر

23

Adjective Resembling participle: Indefinite; singular; masculine; accusative. [فَعِيلٌ pattern] (1)4:11(2)4:17(3)4:24(4)4:56(5)4:92(6)4:104(7)4:111(8)4:130(9)4:158 (10)4:165(11)4:170(12)33:01(13)48:04(14)48:07(15)48:19 (16)76:30=16 -2 = 14                                الصفة المشبهة:منصوب-واحد مذكر (6)4:104(14)48:07=2

24

Prefixed conjunction فَ that shows cause and effect + Verbal Noun: Definite; nominative.(1)40:12=1                                                 حرف فَ +  مصدر:معرفہ باللام:مرفوع

25

Prefixed conjunction فَ that shows cause and effect + + Possessive Phrase: Inseparable preposition + Verbal Noun: indefinite; nominative + Possessive pronoun: Third person; masculine; singular, in genitive state. (1)42:10=1                   حرف فَ +  الإِضَافَةُ =   مصدر:مرفوع/مضاف  + ضمير متصل-جمع مذكرغائب في محل جر-مضاف إليه:

26

Prepositional phrase: Inseparable preposition + Verbal Noun: indefinite; genitive (1)52:48(2)68:48(3)76:24=3                                    جار و مجرور =  حرف جر+ مصدر  مجرور

27

Prepositional phrase + Possessive Phrase: Inseparable preposition + Verbal Noun: indefinite; genitive + Possessive pronoun: Third person; masculine; singular, in genitive state (1)13:41=1                                         جار و مجرور + الإِضَافَةُ =  حرف جر    الإِضَافَةُ-مصدر  مجرور/مضاف +  ضمير متصل-واحد  مذكر غائب في محل جر-مضاف إليه

28

Prepositional phrase + Possessive Phrase: Inseparable preposition + Verbal Noun: indefinite; genitive + Possessive pronoun: Third person; masculine; plural, in genitive state (1)21:78=1                                             جار و مجرور + الإِضَافَةُ =  حرف جر       الإِضَافَةُ-امصدر  مجرور/مضاف +  ضمير متصل-جمع  مذكر غائب في محل جر-مضاف إليه

29

Passive participle: Indefinite; plural; feminine; nominative; [Form- IV]- مصدر-اِحْكَامٌ Verbal Noun. (1)3:07=1                                      اسم مفعول:مرفوع-جمع سالم مؤنث

30

Passive participle: Indefinite; singular; feminine; nominative; [Form-IV]- مصدر-اِحْكَامٌ Verbal Noun. (1)47:20=1                                                   اسم مفعول:مرفوع-واحد مؤنث

Verbs Form-I

Verbs Form-II

Verbs Form-IV

Verbs Form-VI