Mummy identified as of Ramses II is not of Pharaoh of Day of Exodus


فَٱلْيَوْمَ نُنَجِّيكَ بِبَدَنِكَ لِتَكُونَ لِمَنْ خَلْفَكَ ءَايَةٙۚ

  • Since sufficient time and opportunities were given to you for submission which you availed not, thereby, today is the end of your respite period, therefore, Our Majesty will today render you rescued and relieved; in the state of wearing your scale armour - your protective shield, of fears. It will make you a symbol for him who succeeds you".

  • ۔چونکہ تجھے سدھرنے کے بہت مواقع دئیے گئے مگر تونے گنوا دئیے اس لئے ہم جناب آج تجھے اپنے سینے پر پہنی زرہ بکتر سمیت اندر جاگزیں خوف اور بزدلی سے نجات دلا دیں گے۔اس طرح ہم تجھے ہر اس  شخص کے لئے  عبرت کا نشان بنا دیں جو تیرے جیسا طرز عمل اختیار کرے گا‘‘۔

وَإِنَّ كَثِيـرٙا مِّنَ ٱلنَّاسِ عَنْ ءَايَٟتِنَا لَغَٟفِلُونَ .٩٢

  • However, fact remains that most of people are indeed neglectful and heedless of Our Aa'ya'at: eye opening existents. [10:92]

  • ۔متنبہ رہو؛یہ حقیقت ہے لوگوں میں اپنے آپ میں مگن کی اکثریت ہم جناب کی  جناب رہنمائی کرنے والی ہماری مظاہر فطرت کی نشانیوں سے غافل رہنے والے ہیں۔

Root: غ ف ل

Scholars and general public have taken interest and referred much this Ayah of Grand Qur´ān ever since the find of a Mummy stated to be that of Pharaoh named Ramses II. Following Verbal sentence along with elided circumstantial clause indicated by prepositional phrase coupled with possessive phrase is cause of interest and finding linkage with the find of Mummy: فَٱلْيَوْمَ نُنَجِّيكَ بِبَدَنِكَ 

This is the last scene of famous Exodus. Pharaoh is in the Gulf of Suez, he has perceived imminent drowning and end of him. He is feeling helpless and despairing. He voices having believed that there is not at all iela'aha: godhead except the Only in Whom Bani Iesraa'eel have believed. In response, turning down his implied prayer, he was reminded of his immediate and earlier conduct in life. He was further told:  فَٱلْيَوْمَ نُنَجِّيكَ بِبَدَنِكَ

فَٱلْيَوْمَ : Prefixed Particle "Fa" conjuncts clauses, semantically signifies cause and effect relationship and shows that later is immediately subsequent to the former in time. It is الفاء الفصيحة; for eloquence. It conjuncts to an elided element whereby it adds fluency and reveals the elided element. Responding to his announcement of belief and becoming a Muslim he was rebuked:

ءَآلْـَٔـٟنَ وَقَدْ عَصَيْتَ قَبْلُ

  • He was snubbed: Now at this point in time you are believing! whereas you had just earlier refused to accept

  • ۔اسے جواب دیا گیا’’کیااب،اس وقت؛مگر اس سے قبل کے زمان میں ہمیشہ تو انکار کرتا رہا ہے۔

His hope and possibility of rescue has already been declined. Suffixed time adverb relates to the following verb and denotes the Day of Exodus. Thereby, the elided element of conjunction particle (الفاء الفصيحة) is self evident to Pharaoh and the readers of the Episode. After rebuke of his submission he was reminded he was given enough time and opportunities to mend his course of conduct. Since he failed thereby that day was the end of his respite period.

 نُنَجِّيكَ: This verbal sentence comprises of Verb: Imperfect; First Person/Sovereign singular; Masculine; Mood: Indicative; [Form-II]; Subject pronoun hidden; Suffixed Object: Second person; masculine; singular, in accusative state; مصدر-تَنْجِيَةٌ Verbal noun.  The irreducible features embedded in the Root and form of the verb are rescuing a person from a dangerous and unpleasant situation to a safer place and render him a saved person. Form-II adds attributive-Estimative/Declarative connotation: it makes an attribution to object; to consider someone or something to be something.

In straight and literal sense it therefore unambiguously means: "Our Majesty will rescue you, O Pharaoh". But in the context, it is evident that these are not the intended meanings, notwithstanding the sentence means so. This is what in the figures of speech is called Irony. This figure of speech is mostly used in the Grand Qur´ān in the context of afterlife, the day of resurrection and the upshot of criminals.

Therefore, we will have to estimate sardonic meaning running contrary to the first apparent meanings. Pharaoh was about to die. Thereby, the sardonic meaning of:  نُنَجِّيكَ will be "Our Majesty will render you rescued and relieved." Truly, irony is an insult conveyed in the form of a compliment.

It is obvious that here it does not signify rescuing him from drowning. Ever since Mūsā [alai'his'slaam] had come to him as Messenger he was constantly in stress and fear of his overthrow and losing kingdom. He openly alleged it as desire of Mūsā [alai'his'slaam] and his brother. What a superb sarcasm!

The circumstantial clause relating to his preservation was: بِبَدَنِكَ : بـِ Inseparable preposition is used for accompaniment, in Arabic لِلمُصَاحَبَةِ,  and its object noun: بَدَنِ is the head noun of possessive phrase, and "كَ" is second person masculine pronoun, referring addressee Pharaoh. Verbal sentence and this circumstantial clause would literally mean; "Our Majesty will render you rescued and relieved of fear in the sate your بَدَنِ is accompanying you."

Noun: بَدَنِ is from Root: ب د ن. Classical Lexicons give us its meanings as:

(مقاييس اللغة)

الباء والدال والنون أصلٌ واحد، وهو شخص الشيء دون شَوَاه، وشَواهُ أطرافُه. يقال هذا بَدَنُ الإنسان، والجمع الأبدان

لسان العرب

والبدنُ من الجسدِ: ما سِوَى الرأْس والشَّوَى،

الَبدَنُ الدرعُ القصيرة

That it is the apparent form - body of a thing other than head and limbs: torso: the human body excluding the head and limbs; trunk. His definition in relation to animals matches carcass: body of slaughtered animal for meat, with the head, limbs, and entrails removed.

This signifies small armour: coat of mail worn on torso.

It is thus evident that it refers only a part of human body, that is torso and not human body as a whole for which is the Root: ج س د . Torso is only a sub-category of human body.

It is evident from the imagery of scene that it does not refer to torso of Pharaoh but to his precious scale armour on his torso, which was distinction and recognizing symbol when crowded by people. The pharaohs often wore scale armour with inlaid precious stones. Often the use of scale armour was symbolical or for ostentation.

All English translators have rendered this verbal sentence as was done by pioneer translators:

George Sale: This day will We raise thy body from the bottom of the sea.

John Rodwell: But this day will we rescue thee with thy body.

Words "with thy body" are redundant with "rescue" since it is already in it.

Classical exegeses did mention its one meaning as: درعك "your corselet"

تفسير ابن كثير: وقال أبو صخر بدرعك

تفسير الجلالين: فاليوم ننجيك) نخرجك من البحر (ببدنك) جسدك الذي لا روح فيه

فتح القدير:وقد اختلف المفسرون في معنى ببدنك، فقيل معناه: بجسدك بعد سلب الروح منه، وقيل معناه: بدرعك، والدرع يسمى بدنا

They however erred when they opined that: ببدنك means:  جسدك الذي لا روح فيه your body without soul: dead body. It was error since: جسد refers the whole body of a man whether alive or dead, while بدن signifies only torso of human body.

Thus it is self evident that: بِبَدَنِكَ has only one meanings "with your scale armour".

فَٱلْيَوْمَ نُنَجِّيكَ بِبَدَنِكَ 

  • Since sufficient time and opportunities were given to you for submission which you availed not, thereby, today is the end of your respite period, therefore, Our Majesty will today render you rescued and relieved; in the state of wearing your scale armour - your protective shield, of fears.

This information explicitly negates the belief of considering the embalmed mummy discovered from a royal cache, tagged as that of Ramses II, to be of that Pharaoh who was drowned while pursuing Mūsā [alai'his'slaam] on the day of Exodus. Only that dead body would be considered of that Pharaoh whose immediate cause of death is determined as by drowning. He was drowned in the gulf of Suez:

فَأَرَادَ أَن يَسْتَفِزَّهُـم مِّنَ ٱلۡأَرْضِ

  • Thereat, he decided to take measures aiming at perturbing and destablizing them in the Land

  • ۔موسیٰ(علیہ السلام)کے بڑھتے اثر و رسوخ اور معتمدین کے اسرار پر اس)فرعون)نے فیصلہ کیا کہ انہیں(قوم موسیٰ)کو ریاست میں پریشان اور گھبراہٹ پیدا کرنے کے لئے اقدامات کرے۔

Root: ف ز ز

فَأَغْـرَقْنَٟهُ وَمَن مَّعَهُۥ جَـمِيعٙا .١٠٣

  • Subsequently, Our Majesty drowned him (Fir'aoun) and whoever was accompanying him, all collectively. [17:103]

  • ۔اس کی مہلت کا وقت ختم ہونے پر ہم جناب نے اسے(فرعون) اور جوکوئی اس کے ساتھ تھا سمندرمیں غرق کر دیا؛اجتماعی طور پر۔

Root: غ ر ق


فَٱضْـرِبْ لَـهُـمْ طَرِيقٙا فِـى ٱلْبَحْرِ يَبَسٙا

  • Thereupon, reaching there [and because of chase by enemy-26:52], you strike to emerge a submerged passage in the Gulf of Suez for them. The characteristic of this passage is that it is dried up: skeleton - Fringing reef.

  • ۔وہاں پہنچ جائیں تو آپ ان کے لئے اس راستے کو سطح پرنمایاں کر دیں جو خشک حالت میں بحر سویز میں موجود ہے۔

Exodus from Egypt  Root: ى ب س; ط ر ق; ض ر ب

لَّا تَخَٟفُ دَرَكٙا وَلَا تَخْشَىٰ .20:77٧٧

  • You will not have fear of being overtaken, nor you will dread." [20:77]

  • ۔آپ تعاقب کئے جانے سے خوف زدہ نہیں ہوں گے اور نہ کوئی اور اندیشہ و ہیبت محسوس کریں گے‘‘۔

Root: د ر ك

فَأَتْبَعَهُـمْ فِرْعَوْنُ بِجُنُودِهِۦ

  • Encouraged by having seen them safely crossed over to other side on floating dried bridge, Fir'aoun/Pharaoh followed their footsteps along with his troops

  • ۔چونکہ وہ بحافظت بحر سویز کے پار اتر گئے تو ان کو پکڑنے کی خواہش اور زعم سے مغلوب حالت میں  فرعون اپنے لشکروں کو ساتھ لے کر ان کے نقش قدم پران کے پیچھے چل پڑا۔

فَغَشِيَـهُـم مِّنَ ٱلْيَـمِّ مَا غَشِيَـهُـمْ .20:78٧٨

  • Thereby, [for reason of collapse of bridge by resonance effect of soldiers walk] that from within the sea overarched them which submerged them in the Gulf of Suez; [20:78]

  • ۔چونکہ ان کے بوجھ سے وہ خشک راستہ بکھر گیا تھا اس لئے  اس نے انہیں ڈھانپ لیا جو سمندر میں سے ابھرا تھا،اس نے ان پر چھا کر انہیں غرق کر دیا۔،

Root: غ ش ى; ى م م

وَأَضَلَّ فِرْعَوْنُ قَوْمَهُۥ وَمَا هَدَىٰ .20:79٧٩

  • Realize it, Fir'aoun/Pharaoh made his nation neglectful/strayed, and did not guide them aright. [20:79]

  • ۔سمجھ لو؛ فرعون نے اپنی قوم کو  دانستہ گمراہ  توکیا مگر راست کی جانب رہنمائی کرنے سے گریزاں رہا۔

Therefore, only that dead body could be considered as of Pharaoh of Exodus that is discovered in the bed of sea and is wearing symbolic and ostentatious scale armour. He was even otherwise known for his obsession of vulgar display of wealth and success designed to impress people.