بـِ  بِ

حرف الجر: Inseparable Preposition, particle governing the genitive case.

Prepositional Phrase

[جار و مجرور]

The grammarians and educationists say that prepositions are difficult to define but are not so difficult to understand. Preposition tell the "position" of things or objects in relation to where other people or objects are located. They can show relationships between objects in space- where one thing is in relation to another, and they can show relationships in time, when an event occurred in relation to another event.
 

Prepositions form grammatical structures called Prepositional Phrases. Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and end with a noun or a pronoun which is the preposition's object- the word that the preposition is in relation to.

Identifying prepositional phrases is most important skill and critical for identifying the main subject and verb of a sentence. The true subject, predicate and verb of a sentence can never appear within a prepositional phrase.

The preposition bi designates contiguity in its broadest sense. It has a wide range of uses including spatiotemporal, instrumental and manner adverbial.

bi for substance: a relate use but not instrumental as such, bi meaning  "with" in the sense what constitutes of the filling, a substance or accompaniment,

abstract/figurative use: one way or another; because of/on account of; in the same way; by the aim of;

Manner adverbial: The prep bi can be used with a noun to modify a verb phrase by describing the manner in which an action took place.

بِ is one of  حروف الجر the genitival particles, it takes down the vowel of the last letter of noun and pronoun downwards, i.e. the noun and pronoun is declined to Kasra, genitive case. And both are collectively termed as جارٌ و مجرورٌ. 

**It is used to denote "with". "Beginning is with the name/code".

**It is used to denote a cause when used with Anna and Ma.

**It is also synonym with Fee before a noun [adverb-ظرف] signifying place or time.

** It also denotes substitution, i.e. instead of or in place of.

1) [للإلصاقِ] For connectivity;

2) [للإِسْتَعَانَةِ] For assistance;

3) [لِلتَّعدِيَةِ] For making a verb transitive;

4) [لِلظَّرفِيَّةِ] For an adverbial meaning; and

5) [لِلمُصَاحَبَةِ] For accompaniment.

6) [لِلمُابَلَةِ]  For requital;

7) [زائِدَةٌ]  Extraneous, according to a rule for the negated predicate; also in interrogation.

1) "حُرُوْفُ الْجَرِّ" Genitive particles; Preposition in English grammar;

  حَرفٌ  (a) plural حروف -Particles:

This category is defined as those words that do not impart a meaning on their own. Roughly speaking, this is equivalent to what we know in English as prepositions, conjunctions, articles, interjections and other particles. "Particles do not impart a meaning" means that they are understood only when other words are mentioned along with them. These are like function words in English. Their very purpose is to expose certain attributes in the words around them. Hence, any word that does not impart a meaning on its own accord and helps expose attributes of other words is a Particle. If this is not the case; then the word is either a Noun or a Verb.

      Particles do not follow the template system and hence they do not have patterns. They are what they are and they must be memorized as they are.

The Particles have following seventeen sub divisions:

1) "حُرُوْفُ الْجَرِّ" Genitive particles; Preposition in English grammar;

2) "الأَحْرُفُ الْمُشَبَّهَةُ بِالْفِعْلِ" Particles resembling a verb;

3) "حُرُوفُ الْعَطْفِ" Appositive particles; conjunctive; connecting

4) "حُرُوفُ التَّنبِيهِ"  Particles of Notice;

5) "حُرُوفُ النَّدَاءِ" Vocative Particles;

6) "حُرُوفُ الإيجَابِ" Particles of Reply

7) "حُرُوفُ الزَّيادَةِ"  Extraneous Particles

8) "حَرفَا التَّفْسِيرِ" Two particles of Clarification;

9) "حُرُوفُ الْمَصْدَرِ" Particles of Masdar [Verbal noun}

10) "حُرُوفُ التَّخْضِيضِ" Particles of Incitement, prodding;

11) "حَرْفُ التّوَقُّعِ" A particle of Anticipation;

12) "حُرُوفُ الإستِفهَامِ" Interrogative Particles;

13) "حُرُوفُ الشَّرطِ" Conditional Particles;

14) "حَرْفُ الرَّدعِ" A particle of Impediment;

15) "تَاءُ التَّأنِيثِ" The Feminine Marker "Ta";

16) "نُونُ التَّنوِينِ" The Nun of Tanwin;

17) "نُونُ التَّاكِيدِ" The Nun of Emphasis.

[حرف جر-للتَّعديةِ]

It reflects relationship between the act and its subject. (a) this is always the case after intransitive verbs; especially such as indicate motion. These verbs are construed with Bi and the genitive of the thing, accompanied by, or in connection with, which one performs the act they denote and they must be translated by transitive verbs in English. "Bring one suratin"

Prepositions refer to a location or a direction and the meanings of perceptions can apply to concepts of space or time.

Prepositions may also be used in abstract or figurative way [at least; by the way]. They may occur in conjunction with verbs to convey a particular meaning; [for example رحب ب , "to welcome" or  عبر عن, "to express].Arabic has a number of these verb-preposition idioms where the preposition used with the verb is essential for expressing a specific meaning.

Prepositions fall into two categories; ten true prepositions; fundamental markers of location and direction and are called Haroof ul Jarr. These are non-derived prepositions.

The derived preposition on the other hand, usually come from triliteral lexical roots that are also the source of verbs, nouns, and other parts of speech. They are called locative adverbs or in Arabic Zarf Makan and Zarf zaman, "adverbs of place and adverbs of time", These words denote locations in much the same way as prepositions and in this work they are referred to as semi-prepositions.

Each of the two types of preposition has particular attributes, but the basic rule that applies to both classes is that the noun, noun phrase, or adjective object of the preposition  is in the genitive case. If the object of the preposition or semi preposition is a personal pronoun it takes the form of a suffix pronoun.

Only 10, bi, li, ka, fi, min, an, illa, alla, hatta and mundu. One of the distinctive feature of this type of preposition is that it cannot be preceded by another harf jarr. Another characteristic is that only this type of preposition can combine with verbs to create verb-preposition idioms. One letter Bi, Li, Ka.

(1) The relation between subject and predicate, especially in negative propositions; {is not Allah sufficient for His servant and 2:8}. An example of the rare use of Bi in affirmative propositions is [in 46:33]

(2) It reflects relationship between the act and its subject. (a) this is always the case after intransitive verbs; especially such as indicate motion. These verbs are construed with Bi and the genitive of the thing, accompanied by, or in connection with, which one performs the act they denote and they must be translated by transitive verbs in English. "Bring one suratin"

The same construction is also employed with transitive verbs, not only when they signify motion but in other cases too, and the verbs then must be used absolutely. This happens particularly when the verb is used in a figurative sense and then the preposition is called "Ba ul Majaz".

(3) The relation between the act and the instrument with which, the means by which, or the reason why, it is performed, 

There are less than 80 particles in the entire language. Due to the number being so small, it is possible to categorize them based on their meanings and their effects, explaining the meaning of each particle one by one.

words in Arabic are divided into three categories. The following is a more detailed treatment of this.

Particles don’t impart a meaning on their own. This means that they are only understood when other words are mentioned along with them. In fact, their very purpose is to expose certain attributes in the words around them. For example, the word “and” cannot be understood fully unless it has something to its right and left, as in “you and I”. The purpose of “and” in this example is to expose the attribute of conjunction in the words “you” and “I”. Another example is the word “from”. On its own, it doesn’t give a clear meaning and it needs to have something after it, as in “from Basra”. In the example, the word “from” exposes the attribute within Basra of being an origin. Without “from”, this attribute would not have otherwise been apparent.

Hence any word that does not impart a meaning of its own accord, rather it helps expose attributes of other words, is a particle. If this is not the case, then the word is either a noun or a verb.

Any sound released from the mouth of a human is termed by the Arabs as ‘utterance’ (لفظ). Now utterance may be sensible or it may not be. Sensible utterance is that which makes sense to the Arabs, and it is termed ‘coined utterance’ (موضوع). Non-sensible utterance is that which does not carry any meaning for the Arabs. This includes things like foreign speech, awkward sounds, and so forth, and it is termed ‘unpointed utterance’ (مهمل).

Coined utterance is then either realized as single words (كلمة), or as multiple words (كلام). If these multiple words have a copula (a link between the subject and predicate) then the speech is termed a ‘sentence’ (جملة). Otherwise, the speech is known as a phrase (كلام غير مفيد). Examples of sentences are “he is back” and “I ate the apple”, where “is” is the copula in the first sentence and the copula in the second sentence is abstract. Examples of phrases include “the old woman across the street”. Within these words there is no copula, hence the speech is a phrase.

Particles

There are relatively few particles in the language (less than a hundred) and all of them are مبني. These particles do not experience grammatical roles; they don’t become subjects, objects, or any such thing. Therefore, there is no need for them to decline and so they don’t.

Be careful not to confuse meaning with grammatical role. A particle may have several meanings (e.g. باء can mean ‘with’ or ‘by means of’), but that does not mean it experiences roles.

Particles are divided into the following 15 categories.

1.       حروف الجر: genitival particles

2.       الحروف المشبهة بالفعل: the particles that resemble verbs

3.       الحروف العاطفة: conjunctions (e.g. “and”)

4.       حروف التنبيه: particles used for alerting (e.g. “Hey!”)

5.       حروف النداء: vocative particles (e.g. “O”)

6.       حروف الإيجاب: particles for affirmative answers (e.g. “yes”)

7.       حروف الردع: particles used for negative answers (e.g. “never”)

8.       الحروف الزائدة: extra

9.       حروف التفسير: particles that introduce an explanatory sentence (e.g. “i.e.”)

10.   حروف المصدر: gerundival particles

11.   حروف التحضيض: particles use for prodding

12.   حروف القرب: particles used to indicate nearness in time or certainty (e.g. “has/had”)

13.   حروف الإستفهام: interrogative particles

14.   حروف الشرط: conditional particles

15.   Miscellaneous