406
حرف تحقيق
Sticking the word
قد in front of a past tense verb makes it present perfect.
Thus,
قد denotes actions which have just been completed e.g. he has
helped, he has done, he has read etc. Note that
قد is a
حرف (i.e. a particle) so it does not change its
form with the changing form of the verb. As an example,
نَصَرَ means he helped and
قد نَصَرَ means he has helped. The significance of this
will become clear when we deal with the next section about making past
perfect tense. One more thing to note is that you cannot attach a
ما in front of
قد to negate it: this construction is not allowed in
Arabic.
The particle is prefixed to any sigha [form] of the perfect to
give the meaning of near perfect "he has done". When
or 
is prefixed
to sigha of a perfect tense it also gives an emphasis and denotes
certainty to the meaning of the verb.
If we add
کان in front of a past tense verb the verb becomes past
perfect. Thus,
کان denotes actions which have been completed in distant past.
However,
کان is a verb, just like
فَعَلَ , so it will also change its form when coupled with the
past tense verb. The following table shows how this is done:
|
كان نَصَرَ |
He had helped |
|
كانا نَصَرا |
They (2 males) had helped |
|
كانوا نَصَروا |
They (many males) had helped |
|
كانَتْ نَصَرَتْ |
She had helped |
|
كانَتا نَصَرَتا |
They (2 females) had helped |
|
كُنَّ نَصَرْنَ |
They (many females) had helped |
|
كُنتَ نَصَرْتَ |
You (1 male)had helped |
|
كُنتُما نَصَرْتُما |
You (2 males) had helped |
|
كُنتُم نَصَرْتُم |
You (many males) had helped |
|
كُنتِ نَصَرْتِ |
You (1 female) had helped |
|
كُنتُما نَصَرْتُما |
You (2 females) had helped |
|
كُنتُنَّ نَصَرْتُنَّ |
You (many females) had helped |
|
كُنتُ نَصَرْتُ |
I had helped |
|
كُنّا نَصَرْنا |
We had helped |
The negation of this conjugation is constructed simply by adding a
ما in front of it. Also, the passive voice for this conjugation
is constructed the same way as before: dhamma on the first
letter, kasraon the second last letter.
| |
 Prefixed conjunction
فَ
which shows cause/reason-sequence and effect/consequence + [حرف
تحقيق] Particle of
certainty.
(1)2:108(2)2:231(3)2:269(4)3:101(5)3:10(6)3:143(7)3:184(8)3:185(9)3:192(10)4:54(11)4:80(12)4:100(13)4:116(14)4:119(15)4:136(16)4:153(17)5:05(18)5:12(19)5:19(20)5:72(21)5:116(22)6:05(23)6:16(24)6:89(25)6:157(26)8:16(27)8:19(28)8:38(29)8:71(30)9:40(31)10:16(32)11:57(33)12:77(34)17:33(35)20:81(36)22:42(37)25:04(38)25:19(39)25:77(40)26:06(41)29:18(42)33:36(43)33:71(44)35:04(45)35:25(46)40:09(47)47:18(48)60:01(49)65:01(50)66:04=50 |
|
1) [حرف
تحقيق] Particle of
certainty.
(1)2:60(2)2:75(3)2:118(4)2:134(5)2:141(6)2:144(7)2:237(8)2:246(9)2:247(10)3:13(11)3:40(12)3:49(13)3:118(14)3:118(15)3:137(16)3:144(17)3:154(18)3:165(19)3:173(20)3:183(21)4:21(22)4:22(23)4:23(24)4:60(25)4:72(26)4:140(27)4:161(28)4:164(29)4:167(30)4:170(31)4:174(32)5:15(33)5:15(34)5:19(35)5:61(36)5:75(37)5:77(38)5:102(39)5:113(40)6:31(41)6:33(42)6:56(43)6:80(44)6:97(45)6:98(46)6:104(47)6:119(48)6:126(49)6:140(50)6:140(51)7:26(52)7:38(53)7:44(54)7:53(55)7:53(56)7:71(57)7:73(58)7:85(59)7:95(60)7:105(61)7:149(62)7:160(63)8:31(64)8:38(65)9:50(66)9:66(67)9:94(68)10:45(69)10:51(70)10:57(71)10:89(72)10:91(73)10:108(74)11:32(75)11:36(76)11:62(77)11:76(78)12:30(79)12:80(80)12:90(81)12:100(82)12:100(83)12:101(84)12:110(85)13:06(86)13:30(87)13:42(88)14:12(89)14:46(90)15:13(91)16:26(92)16:91(93)17:77(94)18:76(95)18:91(96)19:08(97)19:09(98)19:24(99)19:43(100)20:36(101)20:47(102)20:48(103)20:61(104)20:64(105)20:75(106)20:80(107)20:85(108)20:99(109)20:99(110)20:111(111)20:125(112)21:97(113)23:01(114)23:66(115)24:41(116)24:63(117)24:64(118)28:78(119)33:18(120)33:50(121)34:53(122)37:105(123)39:50(124)39:59(125)40:28(126)40:48(127)40:85(128)41:25(129)41:43(130)43:63(131)44:13(132)46:17(133)46:18(134)46:21(135)48:21(136)48:23(137)50:04(138)50:28(139)54:12(140)57:08(141)57:17(142)58:01(143)58:05(144)60:01(145)60:04(146)60:13(147)65:03(148)65:10(149)65:11(150)65:12(151)66:02(152)67:09(153)68:43(154)71:14(155)71:24(156)72:28(157)87:14(158)91:09(159)91:10=159
6) 
[حرف
تحقيق] Particle of
certainty.
(1)2:256(2)5:61(3)29:38(4)61:05
10)
(1)6:128(2)7:89(3)7:85(4)
2) Prefixed
Emphatic Particle + [حرف
تحقيق] Particle of
certainty.
(1)2:65(2)2:87(3)2:92(4)2:99(5)2:102(6)3:123(7)3:143(8)3:152(9)3:152(10)3:155(11)3:164(12)4:131(13)5:12(14)5:32(15)5:70(16)5:72(17)6:34(18)6:34(19)6:42(20)6:94(21)7:10(22)7:11(23)7:43(24)7:52(25)7:59(26)7:79(27)7:93(28)7:101(29)7:130(30)7:179(31)9:25(32)9:74(33)9:128(34)10:13(35)10:93(36)10:94(37)11:25(38)11:69(39)11:79(40)11:96(41)11:110(42)12:24(43)12:32(44)12:73(45)12:91(46)12:111(47)13:38(48)14:05(49)15:10(50)15:16(51)15:24(52)15:24(53)15:26(54)15:80(55)15:87(56)15:97(57)16:36(58)16:63(59)16:103(60)16:113(61)17:41(62)17:55(63)17:70(64)17:74(65)17:89(66)17:101(67)17:102(68)18:54(69)18:62(70)18:71(71)19:27(72)20:37(73)20:56(74)20:77(75)20:90(76)20:115(77)21:10(78)21:48(79)21:55(80)21:54(81)21:65(82)21:105(83)23:12(84)23:17(85)23:23(86)23:49(87)23:76(88)23:83(89)24:34(90)25:35(91)25:40(92)25:50(93)27:15(94)27:45(95)27:68(96)28:43(97)28:51(98)29:03(99)29:14(100)29:39(101)30:47(102)30:56(103)30:58(104)31:12(105)32:23(106)33:15(107)34:10(108)34:15(109)34:20(110)36:07(111)36:62(112)37:71(113)37:72(114)37:75(115)37:114(116)37:158(117)37:171(118)38:24(119)38:34(120)39:27(121)39:65(122)40:23(123)40:24(124)40:53(125)40:78(126)41:45(127)43:46(128)43:78(129)44:17(130)44:30(131)45:16(132)46:26(133)46:27(134)50:16(135)50:38(136)53:13(137)53:18(138)53:23(139)54:04(140)54:17(141)54:22(142)54:32(143)54:36(144)54:37(145)54:38(146)54:40(147)54:41(148)54:51(149)56:62(150)57:25(151)57:26(152)60:06(153)67:05(154)67:18(155)81:23(156)90:04(157)95:04=157
4) 
لَ Prefixed
Emphatic Particle + [حرف
تحقيق] Particle of
certainty + Vowel sign
for reason
of cluster of
[اجتماع الساكنين] two vowel-less
consecutive consonants.
(1)2:130(2)6:10(3)9:48(4)13:32(5)21:41(6)25:21(7)44:32=7
7) 
(1)3:181(2)5:17(3)5:73(4)12:07(5)18:14(6)18:48(7)18:74(8)19:89(9)19:94(10)24:46(11)25:29(12)33:21(13)48:18(14)48:27(15)50:22=15
9)
(1)9:117=1
8) 
(1)6:94(2)29:35(3)54:15=3
3)
5)
Prefixed conjunction
فَ
which shows cause/reason-sequence and effect/consequence + [حرف
تحقيق] Particle of
certainty + Vowel sign
for reason
of cluster of
[اجتماع الساكنين] two vowel-less
consecutive consonants. (1)2:137(2)2:256(3)3:20(4)4:48(5)4:112(6)31:22(7)33:58=7
10 taken above
11)
