We have already acquired the skill to recognize and identify the Nouns just by watching the text of Grand Qur’ān. We have also acquired the skill to visually identify the Prepositional Phrases by memorizing an Inseparable Preposition and few Separable Preposition [Particles]. We will now try to acquire the skill to visually identify other Phrases comprising Nouns.

In default state, nouns are always in "Nominative" case, which is reflected by the vowel sign ـُُ  or the same sign doubled ـُـُ, on the last consonant of the word. the nominative case (رفع)

إضافة معنوية/أَلإضَافَةُ ٱلْحَقِيقِيَّةُ

   [literally: annexation, addition, or attachment] Possessive/Relative Phrase-"the Construct"

We are familiar with the Possessives in English like "my, their, etc" and possessive clitic "-'s".  الإضافة in Arabic represents primarily the association of one Noun with another Noun.

[مضاف و مضاف إليه]

[two nouns, one "belonging/having association" to the other]

Annexed, attached, or possessed And second Noun is termed as "Annexer", or "Possessor"

*          The noun that is possessed comes first, and is called مضاف meaning "additive", "attached", "annexed", "appendix";

**         The noun that is the possessor comes second/after, and is called مضاف إليه ;

***       The first and the second noun worry about their own gender and plurality.

****     If the second noun is definite, the first noun derives its definiteness from the second noun.

*****   Since the first noun derives its definiteness from the second definite noun, therefore, in possessive phrase the first noun will never have definite article and nor "nunation/تنوين .

******  The نون that is the suffix for duality and masculine sound plurality will also drop.

******* The first noun, whatever its grammatical state may be, which is determined by external factors, it will always render the second noun in the genitive case.

We can learn and determine the prepositional, possessive and adjectival phrases, just by carefully focusing on the written pattern of the words of the sentence, whether or not we have those words/nouns in our vocabulary and understand their meanings. A little concentrated effort with couple of sentences is the requisite where after, Insha-Allah our brain will automatically parse the sentence for us simultaneously while reading from the Grand Qur’ān. Remember and believe in Allah's word that it is easy to retain in memory and distinctly comprehend.

إضافة لفظية

Idafah is of two kinds

Related to meaning: it is that the mudaf is not an adjective annexed to a word it governs.

Literal: It is that the Mudaf is an adjective annexed to a word it goverbs in estimation of separation between words as in visitor of Saeed. Then, it is like the mudaf separted from the mudaf alahi. The benefit of it is only lessening of words.

Grammarians say that the genitive state in Mudaf Ilaihi is due to the estimation of a genitive particle whose government is present while the particle itself is not. The original expression could be estimated.......Min [Fawaid] The government of Izafa is semantic government related to meaning. 

There is another type of idaafa which does not occur any where near as often, but of which you should be aware. Its first term is an adjective and its second term is a noun. The underlined elements in the sentences above are known as false idaafas or adjectival idaafas. The first term is an adjective which agrees in case, number, and gender with the preceding noun.. The second term will be a noun which will always be definite and in the genitive case.

In sentences one and two above, the false idaafas are indefinite, even though the last term of each idaafa has the definite article. The same is true for sentence number three. The only difference in sentence three is that متعددة (“multi”) is feminine singular because it is modifying a noun-human plural. In each of the first three sentences, the false idaafa is acting as the predicate of an equational sentence.

Sentence four is a definite version of sentence three. Now the adjective متعددة has the definite article and the false idaafa is functioning as an adjective modifying the noun المفاوضات. Even though المتعددةِ is definite, it is still considered to be the first term of an idaafa and it puts the second term in the genitive case.

It is not always a matter of ownership, as is clear from some of the above examples. “Son of Adam” is an example of possession. “Cherry tree”, however, is not so clear; the underlying assumption would have to be “tree of cherries”. But “non-twinned” is even less clear than “cherry tree”. There seems to be no connotation of possession in that example. Consequently, the grammarians have explained that one of three particles is assumed to be between the مضاف and the مضاف إليه depending on the type of possession-related meaning being afforded.

Recall that a verb will be replaced with a gerund/participle in order to achieve greater emphasis by stripping out the tense. Leaving the phrase like this gives benefit of this extra emphasis and it simultaneously gives a benefit similar to what an entire sentence would give – even though it is not an entire sentence – because the phrase is sentence-like. Now, further converting this sentence-like phrase to an إضافةphrase also has benefits. Although the emphasis gained by stripping the tense is somewhat lost, and reducing it from a sentence-like structure to a phrase mitigates its fullness and grandeur, the إضافة does add other benefits.

Firstly, it has the potential to shorten the structure by one syllable. This is important for poetry and often helps sentences sound more succinct. Secondly, and more importantly, it brings the governing word and the subject or object closer together. The proximity achieved byإضافة is a powerful rhetorical tool that gives the impression that the “overlooking”, for example, is very closely related to “the sea”. The two concepts are tied together to the extent that it is as if the person doing the overlooking is in fact the habitual gazer of the sea, or that he is the only gazer, or that gazing at the sea is his custom, and so forth.

Because of this shift in meaning, the إضافة لفظية does not abide by all the grammar rules of the إضافة معنوية. In particular, the مضاف may, under certain circumstances, have the definite article Al. See below.

• They are the people whose hearts blenched - trembled when Allah the Exalted is mentioned;

• And they are coolly perseverant upon what adverse reached them;

• And they are the steadfastly maintainers of Ass-sa'laat: Time Bound protocol of Servitude and allegiance to Allah the Exalted;

• And they heartily spend part of the worldly resources for other's welfare which We have given them as sustenance. [only for seeking approval and attention of Allah the Exalted]. [22:35]

: (إضافة لفظية)

A complex Possessive Phrase may contain several nested annexers but only the last will take the definite article.

In everyday speech, a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.

The phrases:   and are the second type of "possessive phrase-أَلإضَافَةُ" termed as "إضافة لفظية" which is that genitival structure wherein a gerund or participle is: مضاف towards a word it governs (its subject or direct object). It is a non-verbal structure which holds more emphasis. Why more emphasis, because verbs are tied to tense - either past, present, or future. Non-verbal structures are not tied to tense and so it is as if what is being claimed in a non-verbal structure permeates time and applies uninhibited and unrestricted.

This type of structure has the potential to economize words and helps sentences sound more succinct. And it shifts the meanings of possession or ownership or association in real possessive phrases to a relation of gerund/verbal noun or participle with its subject or its direct object.

Possessive Phrases in Grand Qur’ān

: Possessive phrase;