on
the last consonant of the word. Verbs in Grand Qur'aan
1. Word
In Arabic language, the Word is called-. ٱلْكَلِمَة "Word" is defined in dictionaries as, "A sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme, or of a combination of morphemes.". Word in Arabic ٱلْكَلِمَة is defined as an expression formulated for a single meaning. It is divided into three categories that are mutually exclusive and embrace all words in the language:
حَرفٌ (a) plural حروف -Particles:
This category is defined as those words that do not impart a meaning on their own. Roughly speaking, this is equivalent to what we know in English as prepositions, conjunctions, articles, interjections and other particles. Particles do not impart a meaning on their own. This means that they are understood only when other words are mentioned along with them. In fact, their very purpose is to expose certain attributes in the words around them. Hence, any word that does not impart a meaning on its own accord, rather it helps expose attributes of other words, is a Particle. If this is not the case, then the word is either a Noun or a Verb.
اِسمٌ (b) plural. أسماء Noun:
This category is defined as
those words that impart a single meaning on their own and and do
not need help of another word to explain its meanings. They do not afford
a tense. This is equivalent to what we know in English
as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
In default state, they are always in
"Nominative" case, which is reflected by the vowel sign
ـُُ or the same
sign doubled ـُـُ,
on
the last consonant of the word.
فعل (c) plural أفعال Verb:
This category is defined as those words that impart a single meaning on their own describing some work, action, activity, or state and afford a tense that is past, present or future. This is exactly what is known in English as Verbs.
We have learnt Particles by memorization and have learnt to recognize with their help the Nouns in Qur'aan and also by some other visible signs. Since there are only three categories of a Word we should be able to recognize the Verb automatically-effortlessly when we adjudge it not as Particle or Noun. However, further visible signs to recognize a Verb are:
(1) Lam
: Referred as Lam-al-Jahd. It is a
Jussive Particle used to negate the past tense verb. It negates the Past Tense
Verb in meanings while utilizing the present-tense in Jussive Mood:
[Ref 2:6] Just memorize this Particle,
and you will recognize 366 Verbs in Qur'aan.
(2) Particle
:
This Particle is Subjunctive Particle. The Verb followed by it is Imperfect verb
in Subjunctive Mood. Just remember this Particle and we will instantly recognize
104 verbs in Qur'aan;
[Ref 2:24]
(3) (3)
-
:
This Particle is Subjunctive Particle.
(4) Particle
-
: It is a Particle that
precedes only a Verb;
;
[Ref
2:60; 2:65] Just memorize this Particle, and you will
recognize 406 Verbs in Qur'aan.
(5) Feminine Ta: Words ending with
ت-تْ are Feminine Verbs
...
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(6) Heavy Noon:
With regard to meanings and tense, a verb is of three types:
(1) الماضي
: It indicates the occurrence of an action in the past tense,
.
It is referred as Perfect in English. There are fourteen word-forms [صيغة]
of the Perfect verbs.
(2) المضارع
: It indicates the occurrence of an action in the present and/or future
tense. Its near-equivalent in English is Imperfect verb.
,
.
There are fourteen word-forms [صيغة]
of the Imperfect verbs.
(3) الأمرُ
: Imperative- a command-request/prayer,
.
It can be considered as modification of the
Imperfect verb.
The Perfect and Imperative verbs are "mabni" [مَبْنِي], which means that they do not undergo any change. But the Imperfect verb is "murab" [مُعْرَبٌ] which means that it undergoes changes to indicate its function in the sentences.
Like the nouns that have three cases, nominative, accusative and genitive; the imperfect verb also has three case endings which are termed in English as "Moods". These are (1) [مرفوع] Indicative Mood; (2) [منصوب ] Subjunctive Mood; and (3) [مجزوم] Jussive Mood.