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True separable preposition
Generally this particle denotes a beginning point related either to time or place. Also, it signifies the beginning point in matters unrelated to time and place, as used in sentence, "It is from Sulaiman".
The prepositions originally designate relations
of place, i.e. local relations, but are transferred first, to relation
of time, i.e. temporal relations, and next to various sorts of ideal
relations conceived under the figure of local relations to which they
correspond. The simple prepositions are divisible into three clauses,
indicating respectively, motion proceeding from or away from a place;
motion to or towards it; and rest in it. The prepositions which indicate motion proceeding from or away from a place are
(a) The local point of departure, departure from a place; hence it is connected with verbs which convey the idea of separation, departure, holding oneself or another aloof from any person or thing, liberating, preserving, fleeing, frightening away, forbidding and the like. Hence is used to signify, on the one hand, by or through, and on the other hand, in place of, instead of. [17:01] (b) The temporal point of departure, the point at which an act or state has commenced. When used in this signification, Arab Grammarians call it "denotes the commencement of the limits in place and time" or simply "lil ibteda" to denote the commencement. [17:01]
(c) The casual point of departure, the origin
and source of a thing; Grammarians say that in this case
(d) The distance from a place, person or thing, particularly after words which signify proximity, such as قَرَبَ or دَنَا , to be near, near etc.
(e) The difference between two persons or
things which are contrasted or compared with one another. Hence the use
of
(f) The relation which subsists between the
part and whole, the species and the genus; [Rem: When precedes a definite noun, especially in
the plural, it often indicates an indefinite quantity or number.
Accordingly
The function of this is to express the relationship between the part and whole; the member and the body to which that member belongs. (g) [للتَّبْيِينِ] The definition or explanation/clarification of a general or universal by a special or particular term, the later being one of several objects that go to make up the former, "therefore avoid the abomination of idols". Its sign is that it is proper to place [الذى هُوَ] in its place. (h) The specifying a general term.
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etc designate:
