Root: خ ل ف
Words from this Root in the Grand Qur'aan:
a) Total occurrences: 127
b) No of constructions: 67
Nouns: 34; Recurrence: 64 Verbs: 33 Recurrence: 63 [Form-I: 5; Form-II: 1; Form-III: 2; Form-IV: 14; Form-V: 1; Form-VIII: 35; Form-X: 5]
Ibn Faris [died 1005] stated:
(مقاييس اللغة)
الخاء واللام والفاء أصولٌ ثلاثة: أحدُها
أن يجيءَ شيءٌ بعدَ شيءٍ يقومُ مقامَه، والثاني
خِلاف قُدَّام، والثالث التغيُّر
That it signifies the coming or happening of a thing after another thing rising and holding the position and status that was once held by the other one; secondly it is contra. of past referring future; and thirdly it signifies change, alteration.
-
"Be informed; I am about to place Adam in the Earth as self-governor enjoying true autonomy -free will of self rule-governance".
It is a nominal sentence beginning with:
a verb-like particle with suffixed first person pronoun as subject noun
of particle in accusative state.
:
It is Active Participle.
Active Participles are formed from
the Present Tense Active Voice Verb
according to specific rules.
One of the unique feature of an Active participle is that
it has a verbal quality.
It signifies that
it has the same meaning as the Active Voice Verb and can even govern
words in the same manner as a verb governs in a sentence. Like a verb,
the pronoun of the subject will either be visible or concealed. In the
Active Participle, however, the pronoun will be considered visible
whenever the Active Participle containing the pronoun precedes a Subject
in a sentence. When the Active Participle
containing a pronoun follows the subject, the pronouns will be considered
concealed.
It governs like
a verb when it is interpreted in the meaning of present or future-tense.
Active Participle must be used instead of the present continuous tense if the intention is to describe a current action, as was the case at the point in time of above address.
:
Prepositional Phrase relating to the object of Active participle.
: Adjective
resembling participle on فَعِيْلٌ
measure: Indefinite; Singular; Masculine; accusative, with suffixed
augmentative Ta. It is the second object of the Active participle like
its verb is doubly transitive; and it states the state, position, status
to be enjoyed by man. The suffixed Ta is not feminine sign but it is for
augmentation emphasizing that he will be in real terms autonomous
enjoying real will.
The sentence is the verbatim quote of what was stated by Allah the Exalted for the information of the Angels. The person who was being declared/appointed as self-governing is not named in the quote. The idea and thought/decision of the speaker is considered as conveyed and fully perceived by the listener when the listener does not feel necessity of an enquiry about any element in the stated statement. Both the Speaker and the listeners knew as to who is the referred Person/Being. Therefore, no question raised about the object; Adam alaihissalam and instead an opinion about his future course of conduct in the Earth was submissively expressed by the Angels.
A direct object may be dropped if the grammar and the meaning allow it. If this is the case, it is often considered more eloquent to drop since concise speech is eloquent speech.
I can understand why George Sale and John Rodwell were rather funny and playful in translating this sentence but what is annoying is that the majority of believing translators followed them almost blindly. George Sale rendered it as "I am going to place a substitute on earth". The sentence is odd and incomplete. The word substitute is only used when the other is also mentioned in place of which something or somebody is placed. Joh Rodwell rendered it as "Verily, I am about to place one in my stead on earth,". It seems he was more concerned to rectify the mistake and ridiculousness of Sale's sentence by mentioning who was being substituted—"my stead". Word "stead" means: place of another: the position or role of somebody or something else.
Grand Qur'aan is the best lexicon for its vocabulary.
Word:
find mention another time where its meanings are made self evident:
-
"O Da'wood [alai'his'slaam] indeed We have appointed you the Ruler in the country;
-
Therefore decide and adjudge amongst people on principle of justice and equity. [38:26]
The collocates of a word help render its meanings
explicit even for a man of ordinary prudence and little knowledge of
language. On being appointed/rendered:
-a
ruler is required to adjudge amongst people on the basis of justice and
equity.
The plural of:
is
and
.
After the annihilation of nations/civilizations new nations were raised
to prominence who then ruled. After the annihilation of the Nation known
by the name of elevated Messenger Noah alai'his'slaam,
the civilization Aad were rendered the Rulers:
-
They were asked: "Is your rejection only because you people felt it strange that the Memoir/Referential/Reference Book, an explicit verbal discourse, has come to you from your Sustainer Lord by revelation upon the Man of staunch monotheist belief amongst you? Its objective is that he might alarm and admonish you;
-
And recall when He the Exalted appointed you the rulers after the fall/annihilation of the nation of Noah [alai'his'slaam]; and demographically increased you quite extensively.
-
Therefore, remember and acknowledge the blessings of Allah the Exalted;
-
Adopt this attitude so that you might attain-reap the fruits of perpetual success." [7:69]
-
And recall when He the Exalted appointed you the rulers after the annihilation of the civilization Aad;
-
And established you people in the Land the plains of which you adopt for palaces;
-
And you people carve out the mountains for houses.
-
Therefore, remember and acknowledge the blessings of Allah the Exalted;
-
And you should not like mischief-doers create intellectual distortions-conjectural myths-disquiet in the society". [7:74]
Many translators have rendered this word as "viceroy, vicegerent" which means a governor who represents a sovereign in a colony or country, and a rulers administrative deputy. How erroneous were their opinion can be adjudged from the fact that it is also used as first noun in a possessive phrase:
-
Or [to say it in another perspective] Who is He who answers - attends the distressed person when he called Him and He removes the trouble?—
-
And renders you people the rulers of the Earth?
-
Is there any iela'aha: godhead along with Allah the Exalted?
-
Very little you people retain in memory - recall and pronounce to others. [27:62]
-
And He the Exalted is Who rendered you people the rulers of the Earth.
-
And He the Exalted has raised some of you people over others in worldly position - rankings so that He might subject you to trial for exposure of your inner worth in what He has given you people.
-
The fact remains; your Sustainer Lord is swift in examining matters minutely till conclusion.
-
And indeed He is certainly oft-Forgiving and Merciful. [6:165]
These are two possessive phrases using
both structures of plural:
-
.
If the first noun meant "viceroy" or "vicegerent" the possessive phrase
would mean "the viceroys of the Earth", and "the vicegerents of the
Earth" where the Earth becomes the sovereign and they its representative
governors. I do not understand the funny attitude of the translators
when the meanings are so explicit in the Ayahs quoted above particularly
38:26 where the word:
has second recurrence.
The elevated son of Da'wood [alai'his'slaam] was also granted a kingdom but he is not called the viceroy, vicegerent or successor ruler of him.
-
And Sulie'maan [alai'his'slaam] inherited the wealth and legacy of Da'wued [alai'his'slaam],
-
And he said, "O people, we have been taught the spoken language of the birds;
-
And we have been given partly all sorts of material thing.
-
Undoubtedly this is certainly that which is the manifest distinction and blessing." [27:16]
Kingdom and kingship is not something to be inherited. It is the exclusive domain of Allah the Exalted:
-
You the Messenger [Sal'lallaa'hoalaih'wa'salam] tell people to pronounce admitting: "O Allah the Exalted, You are the absolute Sovereign of the entire Kingdom.
-
You the Exalted bestow a certain kingdom to someone; he/she whom You decide to favour. And You the Exalted withdraw a certain kingdom from someone; he/she against whom You so decide. [refer 3:26]
Elevated Messenger Sulie'maan alai'his'slaam had not inherited the kingdom or sovereign status of his father the elevated Messenger Da'wued alai'his'slaam. He had prayed for a unique kingship:
-
Know the fact that We had indeed subjected Sulie'maan [alai'his'slaam] to an irking experience. We had caused placing a dummy upon his Seat. [38:34]
-
Afterwards having reflected he had turned to us, praying;
-
"O my Sustainer Lord, I request you the Exalted to overlook for my slackening in time management.
-
And unlike dummy-monotonous kingdoms, you the Exalted do grant me unique kingship which might not be possible for a single one after me to acquire it.
-
Undeniably, You the Exalted are certainly the Benefactor-the One Who bestows". [38:35]
He prayer was granted and was made a unique king having authority that none will acquire for himself.
-
Granting his request, We subjected the Breeze for him.
-
It-breeze used to quickly flow under his command.
-
It moved softly from its originating locations he wanted its inflow descending in Land and continued flowing. [38:36]
It is interesting that even illiterate, simple farmers of Punjab of Pakistan; who know nothing about photosynthesis etc., conveniently, pleasurably and excitingly feel and recognize this particular wind. They call this wind as "پورے دی ہوا". In Urdu, it is "نسیم سحر-باد صبح"
Nouns
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1 |
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2 |
مصدر: مرفوع |
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3 |
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4 |
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5 |
اسم:معرفہ باللام مرفوع-جمع مكسر-مؤنث |
|
6 |
اسم مفعول:معرفہ باللام- مرفوع-جمع سالم مذكر/باب تَفْعِيل |
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7 |
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8 |
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9 |
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10 |
الإِضَافَةُ-مصدر: منصوب /مضاف + ضمير متصل-واحد مذكرمخاطب في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
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11 |
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12 |
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13 |
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25 |
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14 |
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15 |
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16 |
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم: منصوب واحد مذكر/مضاف + ضمير متصل-جمع مذكر مخاطب في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
17 |
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم: منصوب واحد مذكر/مضاف + ضمير متصل-جمع متكلم في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
18 |
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19 |
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم: مجرور واحد مذكر/مضاف + ضمير متصل-واحد مذكر غائب في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
20 |
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم: منصوب واحد مذكر/مضاف + ضمير متصل-واحد مؤنث غائب في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
21 |
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم: منصوب واحد مذكر/مضاف + ضمير متصل-جمع مذكر غائب في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
22 |
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم: منصوب واحد مذكر/مضاف + ضمير متصل-جمع مذكر غائب في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
23 |
الإِضَافَةُ-اسم: مجرور واحد مذكر/مضاف + ضمير متصل-جمع مذكر غائب في محل جر-مضاف إليه |
|
24 |
الصفة المشبهة:-منصوب-واحد مذكر |
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25 |
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26 |
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27 |
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28 |
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29 |
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30 |
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31 |
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32 |
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33 |
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34 |
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Verbs Form-I
|
1 |
فعل أمر مبنى على السكون/الفاعل ضمير مستتر فيه-أَنتَ/واحد مذكر-حاضر نون الوقاية + الياء ضمير متصل في محل نصب مفعول به/واحد متكلم |
|
2 |
فعل ماضٍ مبنى على السكون لاتصاله بضمير الرفع/التاء-ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل جمع مذكرحاضر نون الوقاية + الياء ضمير متصل في محل نصب مفعول به/واحد متكلم |
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3 |
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4 |
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Verbs Form-II
|
1 |
فعل ماضٍ مبني للمجهول مبنى على الضم لاتصاله بواو الجماعة و- ضمير متصل في محل رفع نائب فاعل-والألف-فارقة/جمع مذكر غائب/باب افعال |
Verbs Form-III
|
1 |
فعل مضارع منصوب بأن و علامة نصبه الفتح/الفاعل:ضمير مستتر جوازاً تقديره:أَنَا-واحد متكلم/باب مفاعلة كُم-ضمير متصل مبنى على الضم جمع مذكرحاضر فى محل نصب مفعول به |
|
2 |
فعل مضارع مرفوع بثبوت النون/و- ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل-جمع مذكر غائب/باب باب فَاْعَلَ |
Verbs Form-IV
|
1 |
فعل ماضٍ مبنى على السكون لاتصاله بضمير الرفع المتحرك/نَا: ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل-جمع متكلم /باب افعال |
|
2 |
فعل ماضٍ معلوم مبنى على الضم لاتصاله بواو الجماعة/و-ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل-والألف-فارقة/جمع مذكر غائب/باب افعال |
|
3 |
فعل مضارع مرفوع بالضمة/الفاعل ضمير مستتر فيه-أَنتَ-واحد مذكرمخاطب/باب افعال |
|
4 |
فعل مضارع مبنى للمجهول-منصوب و علامة نصبه الفتح/نائب الفاعل ضمير مستتر فيه-أَنتَ-واحد مذكرمخاطب/باب افعال ضمير متصل في محل نصب مفعول به/واحد مذكرغائب |
|
5 |
حرف فَ + فعل ماضٍ مبنى على السكون لاتصاله بضمير الرفع/التاء-ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل واحد متكلم/باب افعال كُم-ضمير متصل مبنى على الضم جمع مذكرحاضر فى محل نصب مفعول به |
|
6 |
حرف فَ + فعل ماضٍ مبنى على السكون لاتصاله بضمير الرفع/تُم-ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل جمع مذكرحاضر/باب افعال |
|
7 |
ضمير متصل مبنى على الضم في محل نصب مفعول به /واحد مذكرغائب |
|
8 |
فعل مضارع منصوب و علامة نصبه الفتح/صيغة:واحد مذكر غائب/ /باب افعال |
|
9 |
فعل مضارع مرفوع بالضمة/الفاعل:ضمير مستتر جوازاً تقديره:هُوَ-واحد مذكرغائب /باب افعال |
|
10 |
فعل مضارع مرفوع بالضمة/الفاعل:ضمير مستتر جوازاً تقديره:هُوَ-واحد مذكرغائب /باب افعال ضمير متصل مبنى على الضم في محل نصب مفعول به /واحد مذكرغائب |
Verbs Form-V
|
1 |
و- ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل-والألف-فارقة/جمع مذكر غائب/باب تَفَعَّلَ |
Verbs Form-VIII
|
1 |
فعل ماضٍ مبنى على الفتح /الفاعل:ضمير مستتر جوازاً تقديره:هُوَ-واحد مذكرغائب -باب اِفْتَعَلَ |
|
2 |
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|
3 |
و- ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل-والألف-فارقة/جمع مذكر غائب/باب اِفْتَعَلَ |
|
4 |
و- ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل-والألف-فارقة/جمع مذكر غائب/باب اِفْتَعَلَ |
|
5 |
فعل مضارع مرفوع بثبوت النون/و-ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل-جمع مذكرحاضر/باب اِفْتَعَلَ |
|
6 |
حرف فَ + فعل ماضٍ مبنى للمجهول مبني على الفتح/نائب الفاعل:ضمير مستتر جوازاً تقديره:هُوَ-واحد مذكرغائب باب اِفْتَعَلَ |
|
7 |
|
|
8 |
حرف فَ + فعل ماضٍ مبنى على الضم لاتصاله بواو الجماعة و- ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل-والألف-فارقة/جمع مذكر غائب/باب اِفْتَعَلَ |
|
9 |
تُم-ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل جمع مذكرحاضر/باب افعال |
|
10 |
فعل مضارع مرفوع بثبوت النون/و- ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل-جمع مذكر غائب/باب اِفْتَعَلَ |
Verbs Form-X
|
1 |
|
|
2 |
الفاعل:ضمير مستتر جوازاً تقديره:هُوَ-واحد مذكرغائب/باب اِسْتَفْعَلَ /ضمير متصل في محل نصب مفعول به /جمع مذكرغائب |
|
3 |
|
|
4 |
فعل مضارع مرفوع بالضمة/الفاعل:/صيغة-واحد مذكرغائب-باب اِسْتَفْعَل |
|
5 |
فعل مضارع منصوب بِأَن و علامة نصبه الفتح-الفاعل:ضمير مستتر جوازاً تقديره:هُوَ-واحد مذكرغائب/باب اِسْتَفْعَل كُم-ضمير متصل مبنى على الضم في محل نصب مفعول به/جمع مذكر حاضر |
